8th Biology Endocrine System of Humans

Class 8th Science

ICSE/ CBSE Notes-

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 8th Biology

 Endocrine System of Humans

Hormones

  • Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions
  • The hormones are produced in special organs which are called Endocrine glands.
  • Endocrine glands have no ducts.
  • Endocrine glands glands are also called ductless glands.

Function of Hormones
  • Hormones help in maintaining a constant environment inside the body.
  • It adjusting the amount of salt and water in our body tissues, sugar in the blood and salt in the sweat.
  • It produce long term changes such as a child growth and sexual maturation.
  • It expressing the emotion such as fear,anger ,happiness etc.

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Types of Glands
There are two types of glands in our body.
  1. Exocrine glands
  2. Endocrine glands

  1. Exocrine glands

  • It maintain contact with the body surface by a duct
  • The secretions of exocrine glands are sent through ducts directly to the organ.
  • like Salivary glands , tear glands ,sweat glands.

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      2.Endocrine glands

  • The  Endocrine glands are ductless glands.
  • Its secretions are released directly in to the blood.
  • The secretions of endocrine glands are called Hormones.


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Difference between Endocrine glands and Exocrine glands  



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Hormonal  Glands In Human being

  • Different  Endocrine Glands are present in body of  human being (Male and Female).
  • Major Endocrine glands are given as below.
  1. Pituitary Gland
  2. Thyroid Gland
  3. Parathyroid Gland
  4. Adrenal Gland
  5. Pancreas Gland
  6. Testis Gland - in male body
  7. Ovaries Gland- in Female body



1- Pituitary Gland

  • Pituitary Gland is known as master gland.
  • It is placed at the base of the brain.
  • It regulate the activity of other endocrine glads.
  • Growth hormone which control the growth of the body is  secreted by the pituitary gland.
  • It stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.
  • It stimulates secretion of Prolactin which is necessary for producing milk after child birth in female body.
  •  It stimulate gonad stimulating hormones to regulate the activities of testis and ovary.

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2-Thyroid  Gland
  • The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland that sits low on the front of the neck.
  • The thyroid secretes several hormones, collectively called thyroid hormones.
  • The main hormone is thyroxine, also called T4.
  • Thyroid hormones act throughout the body, influencing metabolism, growth and development, and body temperature.
  • Its over secretion make the person over active.
  • Its less secretion makes the person weak and inactive.



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3-Parathyroid Gland

  • Parathyroid glands are four small glands of the endocrine system which regulate the calcium in our bodies.
  •  Parathyroid glands are located in the neck behind the thyroid where they continuously monitor and regulate blood calcium levels.
  • Parathyroid glands control the calcium levels in our blood, in our bones, and throughout our body.
  •  Parathyroid glands regulate the calcium by producing a hormone called Parathyroid Hormone (PTH).

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4-Adrenal Gland
  • The adrenal glands are small glands that sit above the kidneys in the upper abdomen. They produce and release several hormones in the body.
  • The adrenal glands have two parts: the cortex and the medulla.
  • The cortex is the outer part of the gland. It produces the hormones cortisol and aldosterone.
  •  The medulla, meanwhile, is the inner part of the gland. It produces the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline.

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5-Pancreas Gland
  • The pancreas is located behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen.
  • It is surrounded by other organs including the small intestine, liver, and spleen
  •  It plays an essential role in converting the food we eat into fuel for the body's cells.
  •  The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar.




6-Testis Gland
  • The main function of the testes is producing and storing sperm.
  • The testes also produce a hormone called testosterone
  • This hormone is responsible for sex drive, fertility, and the development of muscle and bone mass.


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7-Ovary Gland
  • Ovaries are the female gonads
  •  It is the primary female reproductive organs.
  •  These glands have three important functions:
  1.  they secrete hormones
  2. they protect the eggs 
  3. they release eggs for possible fertilization.

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Some important points Remember it 

Table -1



Table-2

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Diabetes
  • Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar. 
  • The hormone insulin moves sugar from the blood into your cells to be stored or used for energy.
  • With diabetes, your body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t effectively use the insulin it does make.
  • Untreated high blood sugar from diabetes can damage your nerves, eyes, kidneys, and other organs.
There are a few different types of diabetes:

  • It is an autoimmune disease. 
  • The immune system attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas, where insulin is made. 
  •  About 10 percent of people with diabetes have this type.
  • In this type symptoms are - increased hunger ,thirst and frequent urination
Type 2 diabetes
  • It occurs when your body becomes resistant to insulin, and sugar builds up in your blood.
Prediabetes 
  • It occurs when your blood sugar is higher than normal, but it’s not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
Gestational diabetes
  • It is high blood sugar during pregnancy. 
  • Insulin-blocking hormones produced by the placenta cause this type of diabetes.




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Adolescence
  • Adolescence is the period of transition between childhood and adulthood.
  •  Children who are entering adolescence are going through many changes (physical, personality and social developmental). 
  • High rate of growth also occurs during adolescence age.
  • Adolescence age ie beginning about 11 year and up to about 14 year.
  • Boys grow an average rate of 10cm a year.
  • Girls grow at an average rate 8 cm a year.




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 Hormones and Adolescence 
  • Between the age of 11 to 14  the testes start to make sperms and ovaries start to make eggs.
  • For these change of body the hormones are responsible.
  • The pituitary gland start to make hormones.
  • It makes active the sex organ.
  • The sex organ also produce the sex hormones.
  • These hormones take place to changes  in boy and girls .


Emotional changes in Adolescence
  • At  Adolescence age emotion can be developed in our body.
  • Due to hormones mood changes and increase so many changes.




Importance of Personal Hygiene

  • In Adolescent  age there are lot of changes in our body.
  • In Adolescent age body produce more oil and sweat ,so it is more important to clean it
  • Good hygienic  habits help us to keep our body strong and healthy.
  • Cleaning of the body prevent diseases, and good appearance.

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Stress Management

  • Stress is the feeling of too much pressure or mental or emotional.
  • Mental pressure become stress when we feel.
  • For reducing the stress follows some steps
  1. Adequate rest and sleep
  2. reading books ,  playing game , listening music etc
  3. manage your time and work
  4. Do yoga and Meditation


 
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